Notizie dal xix secolo – StarLight . Un nuovo sito targato WordPress Mon, 06 Jul 2026 15:36:50 +0000 it-IT hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=4.4.2 Les deux réformateurs de l’analyse spectrale ./1874/09/les-deux-reformateurs-de-lanalyse-spectrale/ Fri, 25 Sep 1874 23:06:44 +0000 ./?p=2219 Un peu avant les désastres de la guerre franco-allemande, l’Académie des sciences de Paris dècernait solennellement à MM. Janssens et Norman Lockyer une médaille d’or frappée en l’honneur d0’une grande découverte que ces deux astronomes avaient faite simultanément. En effet, le premier dans l’Inde, le second dans les bureaux du ministère de la guerre, avaient conçu simultanément l’idée d’employer, toutes les fois que le soleil est visible, le spectroscope à l’étude des protubérances aperçues jusque-là dans les éclipses totales, c’est-à-dire, au plus trois ou quatre minutes tous les deux ou trois ans. Aujourd’hui MM. Janssens et Lockyer appartiennent l’un et l’autre à l’Académie des sciences, le premier en qualité de membre titulaire et le second en qualité de membre correspondant. Lié d’amitié avec ces deux savants, bien avant que l’un et l’autre deviennent célèbres, je dois leur rendre ce témoignage, que jamais le plus léger sentiment de rivalité ne les a divisés. J’ai même été chargé par M. Lockyer d’offrir à son émule ses instruments et sa station, lorsqu’on apprit à Londres qu’il avait forcé le blocus des lignes prussiennes avec l’aérostat le Volta. La carrière de M. Janssens est trop connue pour qu’il soit nécessaire de la résumer ici. M. Norman Lockyer est âgé de trente-huit ans seulement. Il est né, en 1836, à Rugby, petite ville du centre de l’Angleterre, à peu près également éloignée de Londres et de Birmingham. Il entra jeune dans les bureaux du ministère de la guerre, où ses talents ne tardèrent point à être appréciés. Honneur inappréciable pour un débutant, il fut chargé de la rédaction du nouveau règlement de l’armée anglaise. Mais pendant un séjour fait en Suisse et à Paris, où il avait suivi pendant quelques mois les cours de la Sorbonne comme auditeur libre, M. Norman Lockyer avait contracté le goût des études astronomiques. Ses succès administratifs n’avaient plus de charme à ses yeux. C’est seulement en 1858, après son mariage avec Mde Vinifrede James, qu’il résolut de construire un petit observatoire privé dans sa maison. En 1860, il publiait un traité d’astronomie qui a eu un grand nombre d’éditions. Peu après, il adressait à la Société royale de Londres des observations qui prouvaient que la planète Mars possède des nuages et, par conséquent, que l’eau y est à l’état de vapeur. Il démontra ensuite l’existence de courants descendants dans les taches solaires. Enfin, en 1866, il publiait l’annonce de la méthode qui devait l’immortaliser, ainsi que M. Janssens. Depuis lors, il s’est adonné plus particulièrement à l’analyse spectrale. Il a été envoyé par le gouvernement britannique en Sicile et dans l’Inde, pour observer les grandes éclipses totales de 1870 et de 1871. A son retour, il a été nommé secrétaire de la grande commission royale pour la réorganisation de l’instruction supérieure. C’est en cette qualité, et chargé d’une mission spéciale du gouvernement britannique, qu’il est venu à Paris, où son séjour a été de très-courte durée. Il s’occupe actuellement de dresser une carte du spectre solaire, et ses méthodes spectrales sont étudiées par la Monnaie de Londres pour obtenir instantanément, par une simple lecture, l’analyse quantitative des alliages métalliques. […]

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Un peu avant les désastres de la guerre franco-allemande, l’Académie des sciences de Paris dècernait solennellement à MM. Janssens et Norman Lockyer une médaille d’or frappée en l’honneur d0’une grande découverte que ces deux astronomes avaient faite simultanément. En effet, le premier dans l’Inde, le second dans les bureaux du ministère de la guerre, avaient conçu simultanément l’idée d’employer, toutes les fois que le soleil est visible, le spectroscope à l’étude des protubérances aperçues jusque-là dans les éclipses totales, c’est-à-dire, au plus trois ou quatre minutes tous les deux ou trois ans.

203463l

Medaglia attribuita dall’Académie des sciences di Parigi a Janssen e Lockyer congiuntamente nel 1874 per i loro studi sulle protuberanze solari del 1868

Aujourd’hui MM. Janssens et Lockyer appartiennent l’un et l’autre à l’Académie des sciences, le premier en qualité de membre titulaire et le second en qualité de membre correspondant. Lié d’amitié avec ces deux savants, bien avant que l’un et l’autre deviennent célèbres, je dois leur rendre ce témoignage, que jamais le plus léger sentiment de rivalité ne les a divisés. J’ai même été chargé par M. Lockyer d’offrir à son émule ses instruments et sa station, lorsqu’on apprit à Londres qu’il avait forcé le blocus des lignes prussiennes avec l’aérostat le Volta.
La carrière de M. Janssens est trop connue pour qu’il soit nécessaire de la résumer ici. M. Norman Lockyer est âgé de trente-huit ans seulement. Il est né, en 1836, à Rugby, petite ville du centre de l’Angleterre, à peu près également éloignée de Londres et de Birmingham. Il entra jeune dans les bureaux du ministère de la guerre, où ses talents ne tardèrent point à être appréciés. Honneur inappréciable pour un débutant, il fut chargé de la rédaction du nouveau règlement de l’armée anglaise.
Mais pendant un séjour fait en Suisse et à Paris, où il avait suivi pendant quelques mois les cours de la Sorbonne comme auditeur libre, M. Norman Lockyer avait contracté le goût des études astronomiques.
Ses succès administratifs n’avaient plus de charme à ses yeux. C’est seulement en 1858, après son mariage avec Mde Vinifrede James, qu’il résolut de construire un petit observatoire privé dans sa maison. En 1860, il publiait un traité d’astronomie qui a eu un grand nombre d’éditions. Peu après, il adressait à la Société royale de Londres des observations qui prouvaient que la planète Mars possède des nuages et, par conséquent, que l’eau y est à l’état de vapeur. Il démontra ensuite l’existence de courants descendants dans les taches solaires. Enfin, en 1866, il publiait l’annonce de la méthode qui devait l’immortaliser, ainsi que M. Janssens. Depuis lors, il s’est adonné plus particulièrement à l’analyse spectrale. Il a été envoyé par le gouvernement britannique en Sicile et dans l’Inde, pour observer les grandes éclipses totales de 1870 et de 1871.
A son retour, il a été nommé secrétaire de la grande commission royale pour la réorganisation de l’instruction supérieure. C’est en cette qualité, et chargé d’une mission spéciale du gouvernement britannique, qu’il est venu à Paris, où son séjour a été de très-courte durée.
Il s’occupe actuellement de dresser une carte du spectre solaire, et ses méthodes spectrales sont étudiées par la Monnaie de Londres pour obtenir instantanément, par une simple lecture, l’analyse quantitative des alliages métalliques.
Des opérations longues et coûteuses se trouvent supprimées par un procédé, qui est à la chimie ordinaire ce que le chemin de fer est à la patache de nos anciens rouliers.
Une circonstance singulière permettra de juger de son originalité et de sa modestie. Malgré la multiplicité de ses occupations officielles, M. Norman Lockyer tint à assister à une séance de l’Académie des science. Mais comme il négligea de sa faire connaitre, ni M. Dumas, ni M. Leverrier, qui s’apprêtaient à lui souhaiter la bienvenue, ne s’aperçurent que leur nouveau collègue était dans la sale. Moi-même, qui étais assis près de lui, je crus qu’il n’avait pu venir à l’Académie, comme il m’avait dit la veille qu’il le ferait.

W. de Fonvielle

Le monde illustré, A. 18, n. 911

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La chimica celeste: una nuova scienza ./1873/11/la-chimica-celeste/ Fri, 21 Nov 1873 14:13:02 +0000 ./?p=1992 Una nuova scienza LA CHIMICA CELESTE. Siamo certi di fare cosa grata ai nostri lettori pubblicando per primi in Italia questo importante discorso che l’illustre scienziato J. Janssen lesse testè all’Accademia francese. L’astronomia, attraversa in questo momento un epoca ben interessante, ma abbastanza singolare. Finora questa scienza era stata esclusivamente una scienza d’osservazione e di calcolo, di calcolo sopratutto; l’osservazione non era destinata che a fornire i dati indispensabili. Vi fu anzi un tempo in cui il titolo di astronomo e quello di matematico erano quasi sinonimi. Senza dubbio, l’invenzione delle lenti e, i progressi della fisica avevano prodotto un ordine d’osservazioni, che non bastavano a sè stesse e non erano destinate a fornire degli elementi al calcolo. In una parola, esisteva un astronomia fisica, ma questa un ramo modesto, molto subordinato, ed era ammesso che leoni dell’astronomia eran quelle che esigevano l’intervento dell’analisi matematica. Ora ecco che solo da alcuni anni un nuova scienza, la chimica, il cui oggetto sembrava certamente molto estraneo all’astronomia, ha in certo qual modo, fatto irruzione nel suo dominio e – ciò che reca maggior meraviglia – giustifica colla eccellenza dei risultati la singolare arditezza delle sue pretese. Gli è infatti dal laboratorio di due uomini illustri, Kirchhoff e Bunsen, che il metodo di cui ora ci occuperemo, preparato d’altronde da lavori anteriori, uscì infine armato completamente e pronto per le sue meravigliose applicazioni. Mi si permetta dunque di esporre, in poche pagine, il carattere di questa rivoluzione scentifica e di riassumere rapidamente le più importanti scoperte che ne derivarono. Nel nuovo metodo che chiamasi analisi spettrale, l’astronomo non si limita più a ricevere la luce da uno astro per determinarne la posizione o studiare le particolarità della sua struttura; egli va più lungi: decompone quella luce ne’ suoi principî costitutivi, e quest’analisi dà, a chi ne possiede l’interpretazione, le più importanti e più inattese nozioni su quell’astro. Infatti la luce è un agente così sottile, che, se consideriamo, per esempio, un fascio di raggi solari ridotto dai termini più piccoli che si possano immaginare, questo fascio sarà tuttavia formato di un numero immensodi raggi individuali, perfettamente simili al fascio principale; ma v’ha di più: ciascuno di questi raggi potrà, per l’azione di un prisma o di una reticella risolversi a sua volta in un numero ancora quasi infinito di raggi ancora più elementari, che differiranno l’uno dall’altro per le loro proprietà. Alcuni saranno caratterizzati sopratutto del loro potere calorifico; altri lasceranno più particolarmente un impronta sulle sostanze fotografiche; altri infine, sensibili all’occhio, ci daranno ciascuno una speciale sensazione di colore. L’analisi spettrale considera per lo appunto questi raggi affatto elementari, poichè son essi che vengono generati dagli ultimi elementi materiali dei corpi luminosi e che presentano fedelmente i caratteri. Questi elementi della luce hanno anzi un rapporto così intimo cogli elementi materiali che li hanno generati, conservano così fedelmente la loro impronta d’origine, che il far l’analisi di questi raggi equivale a far l’analisi del corpo stesso. Però quest’operazione fatta sul corpo esige che lo si abbia fra le mani, mentre l’analisi mediante la luce si può ottenere, per così dire, traverso il […]

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Una nuova scienza

LA CHIMICA CELESTE.

Siamo certi di fare cosa grata ai nostri lettori pubblicando per primi in Italia questo importante discorso che l’illustre scienziato J. Janssen lesse testè all’Accademia francese.

L’astronomia, attraversa in questo momento un epoca ben interessante, ma abbastanza singolare. Finora questa scienza era stata esclusivamente una scienza d’osservazione e di calcolo, di calcolo sopratutto; l’osservazione non era destinata che a fornire i dati indispensabili. Vi fu anzi un tempo in cui il titolo di astronomo e quello di matematico erano quasi sinonimi.
Senza dubbio, l’invenzione delle lenti e, i progressi della fisica avevano prodotto un ordine d’osservazioni, che non bastavano a sè stesse e non erano destinate a fornire degli elementi al calcolo. In una parola, esisteva un astronomia fisica, ma questa un ramo modesto, molto subordinato, ed era ammesso che leoni dell’astronomia eran quelle che esigevano l’intervento dell’analisi matematica.
Ora ecco che solo da alcuni anni un nuova scienza, la chimica, il cui oggetto sembrava certamente molto estraneo all’astronomia, ha in certo qual modo, fatto irruzione nel suo dominio e – ciò che reca maggior meraviglia – giustifica colla eccellenza dei risultati la singolare arditezza delle sue pretese.
Gli è infatti dal laboratorio di due uomini illustri, Kirchhoff e Bunsen, che il metodo di cui ora ci occuperemo, preparato d’altronde da lavori anteriori, uscì infine armato completamente e pronto per le sue meravigliose applicazioni.
Mi si permetta dunque di esporre, in poche pagine, il carattere di questa rivoluzione scentifica e di riassumere rapidamente le più importanti scoperte che ne derivarono.

arcetri_scheda_2

Intorno alle strie degli spettri stellari“. Le righe di assorbimento presenti negli spettri di 15 stelle osservate da G.B. Donati, 1865

Nel nuovo metodo che chiamasi analisi spettrale, l’astronomo non si limita più a ricevere la luce da uno astro per determinarne la posizione o studiare le particolarità della sua struttura; egli va più lungi: decompone quella luce ne’ suoi principî costitutivi, e quest’analisi dà, a chi ne possiede l’interpretazione, le più importanti e più inattese nozioni su quell’astro.
Infatti la luce è un agente così sottile, che, se consideriamo, per esempio, un fascio di raggi solari ridotto dai termini più piccoli che si possano immaginare, questo fascio sarà tuttavia formato di un numero immensodi raggi individuali, perfettamente simili al fascio principale; ma v’ha di più: ciascuno di questi raggi potrà, per l’azione di un prisma o di una reticella risolversi a sua volta in un numero ancora quasi infinito di raggi ancora più elementari, che differiranno l’uno dall’altro per le loro proprietà.
Alcuni saranno caratterizzati sopratutto del loro potere calorifico; altri lasceranno più particolarmente un impronta sulle sostanze fotografiche; altri infine, sensibili all’occhio, ci daranno ciascuno una speciale sensazione di colore.
L’analisi spettrale considera per lo appunto questi raggi affatto elementari, poichè son essi che vengono generati dagli ultimi elementi materiali dei corpi luminosi e che presentano fedelmente i caratteri. Questi elementi della luce hanno anzi un rapporto così intimo cogli elementi materiali che li hanno generati, conservano così fedelmente la loro impronta d’origine, che il far l’analisi di questi raggi equivale a far l’analisi del corpo stesso. Però quest’operazione fatta sul corpo esige che lo si abbia fra le mani, mentre l’analisi mediante la luce si può ottenere, per così dire, traverso il diametro dei cieli.
La prima applicazione astronomica di questo metodo ammirabile fu fatta al sole; essa appartiene al sig. Kirchhoff
Si scoperse che il nostro gran luminare contiene la massima parte dei nostri metalli usuali e specialmente il ferro. Non vi si trova nè oro, nè argento, nè platino; ma non bisogna dimenticare che quest’analisi, fatta sovra un inviluppo gasoso esterno, non pregiudica menomamente il corpo dall’astro stesso. Bene interpretato, questo risultato dimostra la somiglianza dei materiali che formarono il sole e la terra.
Tali sono i primi frutti dell’analisi spettrale; essa risolve d’un tratto l’alto problema di filosofia naturale sull’origine cosmica del nostro globo; ci mostra che quest’origine è solare. Così il nostro globo non solo riceve dal sole luce e calore, ma gli va debitore altresì della materia di cui è formato.
Dopo un così bel risultato, era ben naturale il chiedere a sè stessi se questa unità di composizione materiale era circoscritta al nostro sistema solare o se si estendeva fino a quei soli lontani, fino a quelle stelle che formano dei sistemi di corpi così completamente distinti dal nostro.
Dinanzi un problema così amplificato, l’antica astronomia sarebbe rimasta affatto impotente; la sola analisi spettrale poteva trattare la questione, ed essa lo fece con ottimo esito. I signori Miller e Huggins, in Inghilterra, sottoposero la luce delle stelle al più minuzioso esame analitico. Fu accertato che le stelle variano fra esse per la combinazione dei loro elementi costitutivi, ma che tali elementi sono sempre gli stessi che furono scoperti nel sole e che la chimica ci ha insegnato ad isolare nei nostri corpi terrestri.
Aggiungansi a questo risultato le nozioni recentemente acquistate sulle nebulose, e l’unità degli elementi materiali dell’universo visibile si trova dimostrata.
Ho citate le nebulose, vale a dire quei corpi che, colle nostre lenti, appajono come sorta di nubi luminose e che si considerano come i corpi ce lesti più lontani da noi.
Di queste nebulose, alcune sono solubili, cioè il telescopio ce le mostra come costituite da una moltitudine innumerevole di stelle; sono polvere formata di soli; altre conservano la loro apparenza di nubi luminose. Ma questa apparenza è dessa inerente alla loro costituzione propria o alla debolezza dei nostri istrumenti? La quistione era d’alta importanza cosmica, e fu risolta coll’analisi spettrale. E, cosa ben meravigliosa, non solo si è potuto dimostrare che un gran numero di queste nebulose sono a stato gasoso, ma il signor Huggins, com’egli mi diceva non ha guari, potè verificare in tutte quelle nebulose gasose la presenza dell’idrogeno.
Così quest’idrogeno, che forma una delle basi dell’acqua, che arde nei becchi da gas; questo gas sottile, il più leggero di tutti, è al tempo istesso il corpo in certo qual modo universale: esso involge il sole, come vedremo più innanzi, si trova nel maggior numero di stelle, e lo notiamo persino nelle nebulose, a distanze che superano ogni immaginazione.
Confesso che questo bel risultato accrebbe vieppiù la mia ammirazione per la chimica che penetra tanto profondamente nelle viscere della materia, che ha saputo sprigionare dai nostri corpi terrestri delle sostanze semplici a tal punto, che le troviamo dovunque come la base del sistema materiale del mondo.
Ma non dimentichiamo che questa nozione del corpo semplice, che ha gettato tanta luce sulla chimica e che forma la base necessaria delle scoperte che qui analizzo, la dobbiamo al grande Lavoisier.
Giunta alle nebulose, l’analisi spettrale aveva toccati i confini del mondo visibile; ritornò essa quindi su’ suoi passi, si fermò nuovamente sul sole, ma per considerarvi oggetti nuovi e risolvere più difficili problemi.
Fin allora non si era applicato al sole il nuovo metodo che per conoscerne gli elementi chimici. Ma restavano altre questioni che l’antica astronomia non aveva potuto risolvere.

Disegno della Corona solare così come apparve a W. Tempel a Torreblanca in Spagna durante l'eclisse totale di Sole del 18 luglio 1860.

Disegno della Corona solare così come apparve a W. Tempel a Torreblanca in Spagna durante l’eclisse totale di Sole del 18 luglio 1860.

Infatti, quando quest’astro è eclissato dalla luna, si vedono, tutt’intorno al disco, dei getti di luce, delle lingue di fuoco, talvolta come delle montagne ardenti; queste singolari apparizioni, avviluppate da un’immensa aureola o corona di luce, formano lo spettacolo più strano e più sublime che si possa immaginare.
Era evidente che il globo solare non stava tutto nella sua parte ordinariamente visibile, e che la sua luce abbagliante ci nascondeva un complesso di dipendenze che si manifestano solo durante i rapidi istanti delle eclissi totali.
Alcuni anni fa, una grande eclissi di sole ch’ebbe luogo in Asia, permise di applicare l’analisi spettrale a quegli oggetti e fu così rivelata la vera natura delle protuberanze; ma l’analisi spettrale fece di più, c’insegnò anche a far senza delle eclissi.
Si scoperse allora un metodo, sempre fondato sull’uso dello spettroscopio, e che permette di vedere in ogni tempo le fiamme delle protuberanze – la cui luce è sì debole in confronto a quella del sole, che occorreva l’occultazione completa di quest’astro per interposizioni della luna, perch’esse diventassero percettibili.
Qui l’analisi spettrale assumeva una parte affatto nuova. Fin allora aveva avuto attribuzioni della chi mica e di una chimica che si prende giuoco delle temperature e delle distanze: ora eccola diventata un organo di genere affatto nuovo e ben straordinario; è un occhio che può allontanare a suo piacimento i raggi estranei all’oggetto che vuol considerare e che coglie in mezzo ad una luce abbagliante come quella del sole, i fenomeni più delicati e più istantanei, per darcene un immagine sicura e fedele; è pure se volete, un orecchio, che in mezzo alle scariche di una formidabile artiglieria, avrebbe la facoltà di cogliere il debole ronzio di un insetto.
Tostochè questo metodo fu scoperto in Francia e in Inghilterra, esso venne universalmente applicato. Il signor Lockyer, in Inghilterra, il P. Secchi, il signor Respighi, a Roma, il signor Tacchini a Palermo ecc. seguono il sole da questo punto di vista. La Francia non ha alcuno stabilimento in cui queste osservazioni sian fatte in modo regolare.
Ecco ora in poche parole le principali scoperte che furono compiute su questa nuova via.
L’esame telescopico del sole ci aveva insegnato che quest’astro è formato di un nucleo relativamente oscuro e d’un involucro sottilissimo, eccessivamente luminoso, il quale dà all’astro il suo aspetto abbagliante. Ma il sole non finisce qui. Si riconobbe, coll’applicazione del metodo di cui ho parlato, che questo strato luminoso è involto in una prima atmosfera incandescente d’idrogeno, atmosfera bassa, agitata, nella quale si producono di frequente delle injezioni di vapori metallici, provenienti dal corpo solare. Questa prima atmosfera idrogenata è anch’essa avvolta da un ultimo inviluppo il quale contiene pure l’idrogeno, ma ad un grado di rarefazione eccessiva, inviluppo che si stende a distanze grandissime dal sole; è desso che, nelle eclissi totali, produce la massima parte di quell’aureola luminosa che dà tanto splendore a questo fenomeno.
Ma gli oggetti più straordinari che ci furono rivelati da tali studi, sono quelle emissioni gasose, quei getti d’idrogeno che, partendo dal nucleo, attraversano la fotosfera e le atmosfere idrogenate, per innalzarsi ad altezze di dieci, venti, trentamila leghe. Aggiungiamo che questi movimenti avvengono spesso con una rapidità che confonde l’immaginazione. Ho assistito a trasformazioni di protuberanze che si effettuarono in minor tempo che non me ne occorrerebbe per descriverle. Tutti gli astronomiche osservarono questi fenomeni furono meravigliati dalla loro analogia colle nostre eruzioni vulcaniche terrestri. Ma quale differenza di scala! La nostra terra sarebbe grossa solo quanto basta a rappresentare una pietra lanciata dalle eruzioni solari. E a questi fenomeni grandiosi che sfuggono assolutamente alla vista in un telescopio ordinario, assistiamo oggi di mediante lo spettroscopio con tanta facilità e per certo con minor pericolo che se si trattasse di una eruzione del Vesuvio o dell’Etna.
Riepilogando, la scienza ha riconosciuto nel sole un nucleo centrale; un inviluppo luminosissimo sormontato da due atmosfere idrogenate, di densità e d’ estensione molto diverse.
I limiti di questa lettura non mi permettono d’insistere più oltre sulla costituzione del sole. Avrei voluto mostrare gli uffici diversi e mirabilmente appropriati di questi inviluppi nell’economia generale dell’astro e indi care specialmente come la fotosfera, secondo la bella teoria del signor Faye, può riprodursi incessantemente ed attingere negli strati inferiori più caldi il calore che manterrà la sua irradiazione e permetterà al sole di continuare, per lunghi periodi di tempo, la sua missione astronomica dalla quale dipende la nostra esistenza.
E qui finisco. Senza dubbio le mie parole furono molto incomplete ma Spero che la giustezza della causa avrà parlato per me. Ho cercato di determinare nel modo più preciso l’ufficio capitale della chimica in queste scoperte astronomiche, e di mostrare tutto ciò che v’ha di fecondo in questa alleanza delle scienze. E le scienze chimiche non tarderanno a raccogliere a proprio vantaggio i frutti di questa bella collaborazione. Non si fa la chimica del sole e delle stelle senza ampliare gli orizzonti della chimica terrestre e ben presto vi sarà senza dubbio una chimica celeste come vi sono una meccanica ed una fisica celeste.
E allora che non dovremo aspettarci dagli sforzi di tante scienze riunite! Quanto a me, sono intimamente convinto, malgrado la grandezza dei risultati ottenuti, malgrado la bellezza di quest’edifizio astronomico, frutto di tanti lavori e di sì superbi genî, che l’uomo si trovi appena sia alla prefazione del libro ch’egli è chiamato a scrivere sull’universo.

J. JANSSEN.

L’esposizione universale di Vienna,  n. 32, 1873

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L’association spectroscopique Italienne ./1872/03/association_spectroscopique_italienne/ Thu, 21 Mar 1872 09:54:34 +0000 ./?p=2139 ANALYSE SPECTRALE L’association spectroscopique Italienne, par M. H. TARRY. – Le spectroscope est incontestablement le seul instrument capable d’enrichir la science de nouvelles découvertes sur la constitution physique du soleil. A Rome, le père Secchi, directeur de l’Observatoire du collége romain, et M. Respighi, directeur de celui du Capitole, furent les premiers astronomes italiens qui purent se servir de ce précieux moyen d’observation; mais à l’occasion de l’éclipse de soleil du mois de décembre 1870, les Observatoires de Padoue, Naples et Palerme en furent aussi pourvus, et, à partir de ce moment, l’observation attentive du soleil fut faite régulièrement dans chacune de ces villes. Chaque astronome toutefois travaillait pour son compte personnel, ne s’occupant que des questions spéciales qu’il s’était proposé de résoudre parmi les multiples et intéressantes séries d’observations spectroscopiques qu’il y a à faire sur le soleil. Il était évidemment beaucoup plus profitable aux progrès de la science de s’entendre pour se diviser la besogne, de manière à éviter les doubles emplois et à concentrer les efforts sur les points les plus importants qui exigent de longues séries d’observations spéciales, ce qu’il n’est pas possible d’obtenir d’un seul observateur en un lieu unique. C’est ce qu’ont parfaitement compris les astronomes italiens, et de même qu’une vaste association s’est déjà formée en 1870, sous la direction de MM. Denza et Schiaparelli, pour l’observation des étoiles filantes en un réseau qui embrasse l’Italie entière, le père Secchi et MM. Tacchini (Palerme), Respighi, Lorenzoni (Padoue) et de Gasparis (Naples), se sont entendus pour former une association dont le but est de soumettre la surface du soleil à une surveillance tellement bien combinée que rien de ce qui se passe d’important sur notre astre central ne puisse leur échapper. C’est le 5 octobre 1871 que cet accord s’est établi à Rome par la rédaction d’un programme que MM. Tacchini et Secchi ont formulé et auquel les autres astronomes italiens ont immédiatement adhéré, Voici l’analyse de ce programme auquel, dans l’intérêt de la science, devraient adhérer les savants des autres pays, car en pareille matière, si l’on veut faire de rapides progrès dans l’étude des questions si intéressantes qu’on n’entrevoit que depuis quelques années, le concours de tous les astronomes exercés n’est pas de trop et une association spectroscopique internationale serait un puissant moyen d’action. Les Mondes, 1872, A. 12, vol. 27, n. 12 scarica l’articolo originale

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ANALYSE SPECTRALE

L’association spectroscopique Italienne, par M. H. TARRY. – Le spectroscope est incontestablement le seul instrument capable d’enrichir la science de nouvelles découvertes sur la constitution physique du soleil.
A Rome, le père Secchi, directeur de l’Observatoire du collége romain, et M. Respighi, directeur de celui du Capitole, furent les premiers astronomes italiens qui purent se servir de ce précieux moyen d’observation; mais à l’occasion de l’éclipse de soleil du mois de décembre 1870, les Observatoires de Padoue, Naples et Palerme en furent aussi pourvus, et, à partir de ce moment, l’observation attentive du soleil fut faite régulièrement dans chacune de ces villes.

padova_scheda_5b

Diploma di Socio Nazionale della Società degli Spettroscopisti Italiani di Giuseppe Lorenzoni

Chaque astronome toutefois travaillait pour son compte personnel, ne s’occupant que des questions spéciales qu’il s’était proposé de résoudre parmi les multiples et intéressantes séries d’observations spectroscopiques qu’il y a à faire sur le soleil.
Il était évidemment beaucoup plus profitable aux progrès de la science de s’entendre pour se diviser la besogne, de manière à éviter les doubles emplois et à concentrer les efforts sur les points les plus importants qui exigent de longues séries d’observations spéciales, ce qu’il n’est pas possible d’obtenir d’un seul observateur en un lieu unique.
C’est ce qu’ont parfaitement compris les astronomes italiens, et de même qu’une vaste association s’est déjà formée en 1870, sous la direction de MM. Denza et Schiaparelli, pour l’observation des étoiles filantes en un réseau qui embrasse l’Italie entière, le père Secchi et MM. Tacchini (Palerme), Respighi, Lorenzoni (Padoue) et de Gasparis (Naples), se sont entendus pour former une association dont le but est de soumettre la surface du soleil à une surveillance tellement bien combinée que rien de ce qui se passe d’important sur notre astre central ne puisse leur échapper.
C’est le 5 octobre 1871 que cet accord s’est établi à Rome par la rédaction d’un programme que MM. Tacchini et Secchi ont formulé et auquel les autres astronomes italiens ont immédiatement adhéré, Voici l’analyse de ce programme auquel, dans l’intérêt de la science, devraient adhérer les savants des autres pays, car en pareille matière, si l’on veut faire de rapides progrès dans l’étude des questions si intéressantes qu’on n’entrevoit que depuis quelques années, le concours de tous les astronomes exercés n’est pas de trop et une association spectroscopique internationale serait un puissant moyen d’action.

Les Mondes, 1872, A. 12, vol. 27, n. 12

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Analyses spectrales et observations des protubérances solaires ./1871/12/analyses-spectrales-et-observations-des-protuberances-solaires/ Sat, 23 Dec 1871 22:04:56 +0000 ./?p=2199 Le P. Secchi a publié, en 1868, dans les Actes de la Société italienne des Quarante, deux mémoires importants, accompagnés de planches, sur les spectres prismatiques des étoiles fixes. Divers observateurs se sont occupés aussi des lignes spectrales qu’on peut distinguer dans les aurores boréales. On doit citer encore les recherches spectroscopiques de M. Respighi sur la scintillation stellaire. Depuis la mémorable découverte, faite à peu près en même temps par MM. Janssen et Lockyer, immédiatement après la grande éclipse du 18 août 1868, de la possibilité d’observer les protubérances solaires hors des moments des éclipses totales, on a continué avec une grande activité les recherches de ce genre, et je ne pourrais en rapporter ici tous les détails. Je me bornerai à dire que MM. Huggins, Lockyer et Young en Angleterre, MM. Zœllner, Spœrer et Littrow en Allemagne, le P. Secchi et M. Respighi à Rome, M. Tacchini à Palerme, M. Ellery à Melbourne, M. Hennessey à Mussœrie et le professeur Winlock en Amérique, ont été entre les principaux auteurs de travaux récents dans cette partie si curieuse et si neuve de la science. L’optique, la physique, la chimie et l’astronomie s’y trouvent pour ainsi dire en contact mutuel, et amènent par leur concours des résultats très-remarquables, pour l’extension de nos connaissances sur la nature des corps célestes, et spécialement sur celle de notre soleil (1). Il a paru, en 1870 et 1871, deux ouvrages spéciaux intéressants sur cet astre: l’un en français du P. Secchi, l’autre en anglais de M. Richard Proctor. ______ (1) Les savants mémoires sur le soleil de M. le professeur Zœllner, de Leipsig, ont paru, soit dans le Recueil de ceux de la Société royale de Saxe, soit dans les numéros 1815-1816, 1835 et 1849-1852 des Astr. Nachrichten. M Spœrer, dans le numéro 1851 de ce dernier journal, conclut de ces observations l’existence, dans les hautes régions de l’atmosphère solaire, d’un courant dirigé de l’équateur vers les pòles. Traveaux scientifiques étrangers, La reveu scientifique de la France et de l’étranger, S. 2, A.1, n. 26 scarica l’articolo originale

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Le P. Secchi a publié, en 1868, dans les Actes de la Société italienne des Quarante, deux mémoires importants, accompagnés de planches, sur les spectres prismatiques des étoiles fixes. Divers observateurs se sont occupés aussi des lignes spectrales qu’on peut distinguer dans les aurores boréales. On doit citer encore les recherches spectroscopiques de M. Respighi sur la scintillation stellaire.

scheda_6

Sugli spettri prismatici della luce delle stelle fisse di Angelo Secchi

Depuis la mémorable découverte, faite à peu près en même temps par MM. Janssen et Lockyer, immédiatement après la grande éclipse du 18 août 1868, de la possibilité d’observer les protubérances solaires hors des moments des éclipses totales, on a continué avec une grande activité les recherches de ce genre, et je ne pourrais en rapporter ici tous les détails. Je me bornerai à dire que MM. Huggins, Lockyer et Young en Angleterre, MM. Zœllner, Spœrer et Littrow en Allemagne, le P. Secchi et M. Respighi à Rome, M. Tacchini à Palerme, M. Ellery à Melbourne, M. Hennessey à Mussœrie et le professeur Winlock en Amérique, ont été entre les principaux auteurs de travaux récents dans cette partie si curieuse et si neuve de la science. L’optique, la physique, la chimie et l’astronomie s’y trouvent pour ainsi dire en contact mutuel, et amènent par leur concours des résultats très-remarquables, pour l’extension de nos connaissances sur la nature des corps célestes, et spécialement sur celle de notre soleil (1).
Il a paru, en 1870 et 1871, deux ouvrages spéciaux intéressants sur cet astre: l’un en français du P. Secchi, l’autre en anglais de M. Richard Proctor.

______

(1) Les savants mémoires sur le soleil de M. le professeur Zœllner, de Leipsig, ont paru, soit dans le Recueil de ceux de la Société royale de Saxe, soit dans les numéros 1815-1816, 1835 et 1849-1852 des Astr. Nachrichten. M Spœrer, dans le numéro 1851 de ce dernier journal, conclut de ces observations l’existence, dans les hautes régions de l’atmosphère solaire, d’un courant dirigé de l’équateur vers les pòles.

Traveaux scientifiques étrangers, La reveu scientifique de la France et de l’étranger, S. 2, A.1, n. 26

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Éclipse de Soleil de 1870 ./1871/12/eclipse-de-soleil-de-1870/ Sat, 23 Dec 1871 22:02:40 +0000 ./?p=2198 L’éclipse de soleil du 22 décembre 1870 a pu être observée en bonne partie à Greenwich, et la réduction des observations a prouvé que les erreurs des tables de la lune de Hansen étaient petites, et sensiblement les mêmes près de la conjonction que dans les autres parties de l’orbite lunaire. Cette éclipse devant être totale, pendant environ deux demiminutes, sur les rives occidentales de la mer Méditerranée, a donné lieu à plusieurs expéditions scientifiques considérables pour aller l’y observer, comme cela avait eu lieu déjà, à peu près dans la même région, lors de l’éclipse totale du 18 juillet 1860. La principale de ces expéditions, munie d’un grand nombre d’instruments appropriés aux diverses recherches, est partie par le vaisseau anglais l’Urgent, pour débarquer des astronomes en quatre stations, savoir en Sicile, à Cadix, à Gibraltar et à Oran. MM. Lockyer, Huggins, Carpenter et Tyndall en faisaient partie, et le professeur Adams les a rejoints à Naples avec d’autres personnes. Lord Lindsay, avec quelques habiles observateurs, s’est rendu de son côté à Cadix avec un appareil photographique complet. Il y a eu aussi une expédition d’astronomes des États-Unis d’Amérique, qui se sont établis en Sicile sous la direction du professeur Pierce et en Espagne sous celle du professeur Winlock. M. Janssen a réussi à quitter en ballon Paris assiégé, pour aller observer l’éclipse à Oran. Les pères Secchi et Denza, MM. Cacciatore, Blaserna et Donati l’ont observée à Augusta et Terra Nova en Sicile, le père Serpieri en Calabre; le professeur Roscoe et M. de Schio sont montés sur l’Etna dans la même intention, MM. Weiss et Oppolzer se sont rendus à Tunis pour le même but. Malheureusement, outre un accident grave qu’a éprouvé le navire la Psyche, amenant une partie de l’expédition anglaise près des côtes de Sicile, le temps a été généralement peu favorable aux observations, et des nuages ont plus ou moins obscurci le ciel pendant la durée de l’éclipse. Cependant, lord Lindsay et MM. Wilard et Brothers ont obtenu de bonnes photographies pendant l’éclipse totale, et la couronne lumineuse, qui apparaît alors autour du disque obscur de la lune, a été spécialement l’objet d’un grand nombre d’observations. Elles ont confirmé l’opinion que cette couronne émane du soleil, et qu’elle se compose de deux couches concentriques: l’intérieure, qui est la plus brillante, a de deux à cinq minutes de degré de largeur , l’extérieure est radiée, et sa lumière va en s’affaiblissant graduellement, jusqu’à une distance de près de quinze minutes à partir du disque obscur. Une partie de cette lumière est polarisée, de sorte qu’elle peut réfléchir celle du soleil, en même temps qu’en émettre une propre. Le père Secchi, en comparant les dernières photographies de cette couronne avec celles obtenues lors des éclipses de 1860, 1868 et 1869, a constaté qu’elles s’accordaient à manifester un affaiblissement de lumière et un abaissement vers les deux pôles du soleil. Des expériences récentes, faites en temps ordinaire, lui ont montré que le disque du soleil présente, en effet, habituellement deux calottes moins lumineuses près des pôles, d’environ 40 ou 50 degrés d’étendue à partir de ces points, et […]

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L’éclipse de soleil du 22 décembre 1870 a pu être observée en bonne partie à Greenwich, et la réduction des observations a prouvé que les erreurs des tables de la lune de Hansen étaient petites, et sensiblement les mêmes près de la conjonction que dans les autres parties de l’orbite lunaire.
Cette éclipse devant être totale, pendant environ deux demiminutes, sur les rives occidentales de la mer Méditerranée, a donné lieu à plusieurs expéditions scientifiques considérables pour aller l’y observer, comme cela avait eu lieu déjà, à peu près dans la même région, lors de l’éclipse totale du 18 juillet 1860.

CoronaSolarWillard-Brothers

Comparazione delle fotografie della totalità dell’Eclisse ottenute da Willard a Xeres de la Frontera e da Brother a Siracusa

La principale de ces expéditions, munie d’un grand nombre d’instruments appropriés aux diverses recherches, est partie par le vaisseau anglais l’Urgent, pour débarquer des astronomes en quatre stations, savoir en Sicile, à Cadix, à Gibraltar et à Oran. MM. Lockyer, Huggins, Carpenter et Tyndall en faisaient partie, et le professeur Adams les a rejoints à Naples avec d’autres personnes. Lord Lindsay, avec quelques habiles observateurs, s’est rendu de son côté à Cadix avec un appareil photographique complet. Il y a eu aussi une expédition d’astronomes des États-Unis d’Amérique, qui se sont établis en Sicile sous la direction du professeur Pierce et en Espagne sous celle du professeur Winlock. M. Janssen a réussi à quitter en ballon Paris assiégé, pour aller observer l’éclipse à Oran. Les pères Secchi et Denza, MM. Cacciatore, Blaserna et Donati l’ont observée à Augusta et Terra Nova en Sicile, le père Serpieri en Calabre; le professeur Roscoe et M. de Schio sont montés sur l’Etna dans la même intention, MM. Weiss et Oppolzer se sont rendus à Tunis pour le même but.

Malheureusement, outre un accident grave qu’a éprouvé le navire la Psyche, amenant une partie de l’expédition anglaise près des côtes de Sicile, le temps a été généralement peu favorable aux observations, et des nuages ont plus ou moins obscurci le ciel pendant la durée de l’éclipse. Cependant, lord Lindsay et MM. Wilard et Brothers ont obtenu de bonnes photographies pendant l’éclipse totale, et la couronne lumineuse, qui apparaît alors autour du disque obscur de la lune, a été spécialement l’objet d’un grand nombre d’observations. Elles ont confirmé l’opinion que cette couronne émane du soleil, et qu’elle se compose de deux couches concentriques: l’intérieure, qui est la plus brillante, a de deux à cinq minutes de degré de largeur , l’extérieure est radiée, et sa lumière va en s’affaiblissant graduellement, jusqu’à une distance de près de quinze minutes à partir du disque obscur. Une partie de cette lumière est polarisée, de sorte qu’elle peut réfléchir celle du soleil, en même temps qu’en émettre une propre.
Le père Secchi, en comparant les dernières photographies de cette couronne avec celles obtenues lors des éclipses de 1860, 1868 et 1869, a constaté qu’elles s’accordaient à manifester un affaiblissement de lumière et un abaissement vers les deux pôles du soleil. Des expériences récentes, faites en temps ordinaire, lui ont montré que le disque du soleil présente, en effet, habituellement deux calottes moins lumineuses près des pôles, d’environ 40 ou 50 degrés d’étendue à partir de ces points, et que c’est aussi là que.l’on voit le moins de protubérances rosées. Le n° de mai 1 871, du Bulletin météorologique du Collége romain, où cet astronome a inséré ces remarques, renferme aussi l’annonce que le professeur Tacchini de Palerme, auquel on doit déjà d’intéressantes représentations des protubérances solairejournalières observées par lui, est arrivé, en un jour très-clairs à voir la couronne en plein soleil, en regardant cet astre derrière un obstacle opaque convenablement disposé.

Traveaux scientifiques étrangers, La reveu scientifique de la France et de l’étranger, S. 2, A.1, n. 26

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Mr. Lockyer on the Eclipse ./1871/03/mr-lockyer-the-eclipse/ Sat, 04 Mar 1871 15:40:03 +0000 ./?p=2062 Mr. Lockyer, the English astronomer, in speaking of the eclipse, says: Cloud in Sicily, cloud in Spain, cloud in Africa. Such, at first sight, might seem to be the only result of all the observations made on the eclipsed sun of 1870; such the reception given by Nature to those who wooed her as she had never been wooed before; who approached her full of the rarest gifts which science has placed at man’s disposal. But, after all, has the oracle been silent? I think not. Dare we, however, say that the great problem of the corona, that one among the many still outstanding difficulties which the eclipse was invoked to settle, is settled? This, perhaps, would be saying too much; but still, I think, a step in advance has been made. The oracle has spoken darkly, perhaps, but it has spoken. The system of sketching, introduced for this eclipse, is at once so simple and final, that the only wonder is, it has not been introduced before. The corona must be either solar, atmospheric, or subjective; that is, more or less built up in the observer’s eye,while this more or less depends, cateris paribus, upon the brilliancy of the undoubted solar portion. If at all stations, the stations being as wide apart as they have been this time, the drawings be similar, the corona would be undoubtedly cosmical; if dissimilar, then it would either be terrestrial or subjective; and this point could and would have been settled this time, if the weather had permitted, by arranging the observers in pairs—that is, dealing with two observers instead of a single one, and so obtaining the eye-variation. This being premised, what is the result of the very few observations, comparatively speaking, which have been made? In the first place, I submit that the fact that the corona is a compound phenomena comes out in an unmistakable way. We have, first of all, a ring some 5 min. or 6 min. high round the moon, which almost all observers alike have seen; and then we have light beyond, which some observers have seen of one shape, and some of another, now stellate with many rays, now stellate with few, now absolutely at rest, now revolving rapidly. This, I think, is the keynote of all the observations with which I have become acquainted. I need scarcely say that it is exactly what has been predicted. First among the fortunate ones who observed the corona, with the telescope, was Professor Watson, of Ann Arbor, who took up his station at Carlentini, and appears to have been the best favored among the Sicilian observers. From his account I gather that there was an almost perfect shell around the sun, 5 min. high, and that outside this shell were less definite rays. Next I must mention Professor Pierce, the head of one of the American parties, who observed two miles north of Catania, at a private casino of the Marchese Sangiuliano. I believe that he also saw the shell, but of this I am not absolutely certain; but he distinctly observed that the outer corona over the […]

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Mr. Lockyer, the English astronomer, in speaking of the eclipse, says:
Cloud in Sicily, cloud in Spain, cloud in Africa. Such, at first sight, might seem to be the only result of all the observations made on the eclipsed sun of 1870; such the reception given by Nature to those who wooed her as she had never been wooed before; who approached her full of the rarest gifts which science has placed at man’s disposal. But, after all, has the oracle been silent? I think not. Dare we, however, say that the great problem of the corona, that one among the many still outstanding difficulties which the eclipse was invoked to settle, is settled? This, perhaps, would be saying too much; but still, I think, a step in advance has been made. The oracle has spoken darkly, perhaps, but it has spoken.

1870 Osservazione della Corona osservata a Catania

Disegno della corona solare fatto da Melusina Fay Peirce (1836-1923), moglie dell’astronomo Charles. Le osservazioni furono eseguite dalla villa del marchese di Sangiuliano a Villasmundo.

The system of sketching, introduced for this eclipse, is at once so simple and final, that the only wonder is, it has not been introduced before. The corona must be either solar, atmospheric, or subjective; that is, more or less built up in the observer’s eye,while this more or less depends, cateris paribus, upon the brilliancy of the undoubted solar portion. If at all stations, the stations being as wide apart as they have been this time, the drawings be similar, the corona would be undoubtedly cosmical; if dissimilar, then it would either be terrestrial or subjective; and this point could and would have been settled this time, if the weather had permitted, by arranging the observers in pairs—that is, dealing with two observers instead of a single one, and so obtaining the eye-variation. This being premised, what is the result of the very few observations, comparatively speaking, which have been made? In the first place, I submit that the fact that the corona is a compound phenomena comes out in an unmistakable way. We have, first of all, a ring some 5 min. or 6 min. high round the moon, which almost all observers alike have seen; and then we have light beyond, which some observers have seen of one shape, and some of another, now stellate with many rays, now stellate with few, now absolutely at rest, now revolving rapidly.
This, I think, is the keynote of all the observations with which I have become acquainted. I need scarcely say that it is exactly what has been predicted. First among the fortunate ones who observed the corona, with the telescope, was Professor Watson, of Ann Arbor, who took up his station at Carlentini, and appears to have been the best favored among the Sicilian observers. From his account I gather that there was an almost perfect shell around the sun, 5 min. high, and that outside this shell were less definite rays.
Next I must mention Professor Pierce, the head of one of the American parties, who observed two miles north of Catania, at a private casino of the Marchese Sangiuliano. I believe that he also saw the shell, but of this I am not absolutely certain; but he distinctly observed that the outer corona over the prominences was rosy red, although he did not see the prominences himself. A more beautiful proof of the terrestrial nature of this portion of the corona it would be difficult to imagine; for, of course, at the sun, the hydrogen, which thus tinged it, is incapable of coloring anything, as its own light is
absorbed by the transcendent brilliancy of the photosphere; while nothing would be more natural than to suppose that the light, which, in its own atmosphere, should strongly tinge any thing radially illuminated, should be that of the prominences.
But the strongest proof of the variability of the outer portion, and of the constancy of the inner portion, is afforded by the observations made on board the small fleet attempting to save the Psyche, off Aci Reale, where the eclipse was observed in unclouded splendor. Here were the ironclads, Lord Warden, Caledonia, and Royal Oak, and the tugs Weasel and Hearty, besides the Italian gunboat, Plebiscito, all within a stone’s throw of each other. In all the drawings, and many have been received, we have a ring 5 min., or thereabouts, while the outer portion is as variable as may be.
I think that if the records of former eclipses be now examined, especially Mr. Carrington’s drawing of the eclipse of 1851, and compared with the others taken at the same time, additional evidence will be gathered in favor of the compound nature of the corona, which, on the evidence now before me, I consider the great teaching of the present eclipse.

Scientific American, 1871,  vol. XXIV, n. 10, 4 marzo

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The eclipse ./1871/02/the-eclipse/ Fri, 17 Feb 1871 23:13:13 +0000 ./?p=2620 The reader will find three pictures on page 156 illustrating the eclipse which excited so great interest in the scientific world and which has added so little to our previous knowledge of the phenomenon. The first cut represents the eclipse as seen from Xeres by the American expedition. The other two engravings show the members of the English expedition, at Oran preparing their instruments for observation. “The morning dawned ontinously,” writes a gentleman who accompanied e party: “light clouds blew across the sky, concealing the sun for many minutes together, and then allowing a few minutes’ examination of his face. The observers were at their instruments be times. Captain Collins practised with his polarimeter until he was able to record the amount of polarization of anything to which he directed his instrument, whether it was the shining roof of a cab or the glistening face of a little negro boy, and felt quite confident of getting as much polarized information from the corona as the instrument was capable of yielding. The spectroscopists, Dr. Huggins and Mr. Crookes, were all the morning peering into spectroscopes, looking at the sun round the corner, and pricking down lines and colors by means of Messrs. Huggins and Grubb’s ingenious automatic register, until they too felt confident that they could record all the necessary spectra of the corona within the allotted two minutes and eleven seconds, and leave ample time for a good look at the general phenomena. The other observers, Mr. Carpenter, Admiral Ommaney, Captain Salmond, Professor Tyndall, and Lieutenant Wharton, had also practised up to the highest state of efficiency, when the clouds began to thicken, and twenty minutes before totality a dense black rain cloud completely covered the sun put an end to their hopes.”   Every Saturday, 1871, vol. 2, n. 60 scarica l’articolo originale

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ES1871P156958The reader will find three pictures on page 156 illustrating the eclipse which excited so great interest in the scientific world and which has added so little to our previous knowledge of the phenomenon. The first cut represents the eclipse as seen from Xeres by the American expedition. The other two engravings show
the members of the English expedition, at Oran preparing their instruments for observation. “The morning dawned ontinously,” writes a gentleman who accompanied e party: “light clouds blew across the sky, concealing the sun for many minutes together, and then allowing a few minutes’ examination of his face. The observers were at their instruments be times. Captain Collins practised with his polarimeter until he was able to record the amount of polarization of anything to which he directed his instrument, whether it was the shining roof of a cab or the glistening face of a little negro boy, and felt quite confident of getting as much polarized information from the corona as the instrument was capable of yielding.
The spectroscopists, Dr. Huggins and Mr. Crookes, were all the morning peering into spectroscopes, looking at the sun round the corner, and pricking down lines and colors by means of Messrs. Huggins and Grubb’s ingenious automatic register, until they too felt confident that they could record all the necessary spectra of the corona within the allotted two minutes and eleven seconds, and leave ample time for a good look at the general phenomena. The other observers, Mr. Carpenter, Admiral Ommaney, Captain Salmond, Professor Tyndall, and Lieutenant Wharton, had also practised up to the highest state of efficiency, when the clouds began to thicken, and twenty minutes before totality a dense black rain cloud completely covered the sun put an end to their hopes.”

 

Every Saturday, 1871, vol. 2, n. 60

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The eclipse at Gibraltar. ./1871/02/the-eclipse-at-gibraltar/ Sat, 11 Feb 1871 00:39:26 +0000 ./?p=2630   Men of science hoped at the Eclipse of 1870 to determine the nature of the corona, including beams and streamers; but the clearest possible sky was indispensable for the roper use of so delicate an instrument as the polariscope, and this condition was not accorded at Gibraltar even for a second. A correspondent of The Graphic who viewed the phenomenon from the Signal Station on the crest of the Rock, succeeded in making a drawing of the total eclipse, which drawing we reproduce on page 125. This gentleman, a member of the English Expedition, writes as follows: “An interesting map of the path of the total phase of this solar eclipse is published in the Nautical Almanac Circular. Gibraltar lies south of the centre line of the total phase, and the limit of totality extended about twenty miles south beyond us. The cusps were beautiful at the Station all through, and one feature connected with them which excited my interest greatly from time to time, was the vividly stereoscopic or globular form of the dark moon, as she was gradually advancing to cover up the sun. His disc, on the contrary, appeared to be perfectly flat, and to be throwing a species of rosy light over the eastern limb of the moon, in spite of her dark side being towards us, which displayed, with thrilling sense of proximity, her orange roundness.” Every Saturday, 1871, vol. 2, n. 59 scarica l’articolo originale

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Men of science hoped at the Eclipse of 1870 to determine the nature of the corona, including beams and streamers; but the clearest possible sky was indispensable for the roper use of so delicate an instrument as the polariscope, and this condition was not accorded at Gibraltar even for a second. A correspondent of The Graphic who viewed the phenomenon from the Signal Station on the crest of the Rock, succeeded in making a drawing of the total eclipse, which drawing we reproduce on page 125. This gentleman, a member of the English Expedition, writes as follows: “An interesting map of the path of the total phase of this solar eclipse is published in the Nautical Almanac Circular. Gibraltar lies south of the centre line of the total phase, and the limit of totality extended about twenty miles south beyond us. The cusps were beautiful at the Station all through, and one feature connected with them which excited my interest greatly from time to time, was the vividly stereoscopic or globular form of the dark moon, as she was gradually advancing to cover up the sun. His disc, on the contrary, appeared to be perfectly flat, and to be throwing a species of rosy light over the eastern limb of the moon, in spite of her dark side being towards us, which displayed, with thrilling sense of proximity, her orange roundness.”

Every Saturday, 1871, vol. 2, n. 59

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The eclipse of December, 22nd, 1870 ./1871/02/the-eclipse-of-december-22nd-1870/ Fri, 10 Feb 1871 00:47:50 +0000 ./?p=2308 The eclipse of December, 22nd, 1870. By Professor Roscoe, F.R.S. It is satisfactory to know that in spite of the worst Possible weather, as well as of misfortunes and losses of Various kinds which fell to the lot of the English and American savants who went to Africa, Spain, and Sicily to 9bserve the eclipse, the results are of real value and importance, and that the grant of £2000 of public money as, therefore, not failed to purchase substantial benefits to science and the nation. In the first place, then, this eclipse was only total on coming into the western hemisphere near Cape Farewell, leaving it at Taganrog, covering only a narrow strip of the earth’s surface. The duration of the totality (the only time when the wished for observations could be made) in no place exceeded two minutes, and in many situations, even on the central line, was several seconds less; so that it was before all things necessary to choose a good situation, and for each observer to have a definite and tolerably simple set of instructions to follow. Such instructions were carefully drawn out by Professor Stokes and Mr. Lockyer as Soon as the despatch of the expeditions were settled and placed in the hands of every member of the party. In order to avoid disappointment from bad weather, detachments of observers, complete in every necessary branch, and fitted with instruments for the examination of all the Various phenonema of the eclipse, which the experience and foresight of the leading astronomers and spectroscopists of the country could suggest, were dispatched to three chief stations. The conduct of the Oran division on the coast of Africa was undertaken by Dr. Huggins, facile princeps in spectroscopic astronomy; the Cadiz division under the Rev. S. J. Perry; the Gibraltar party under Captain arsons; and the Sicilian party led by Mr. Lockyer. The American astronomers, under the leadership of Professor Peirce, of Harvard, were likewise divided between Spain and Sicily. Each of these various parties contained men charged with four sets of observations: first, spectroscopic; secondly, Polariscopic; thirdly, photographic; fourthly, sketches with naked eye or with telescope. he main obect of all the observations was concentrated on the examination of the solar corona – that halo of white silver whose light strange and varying forms, as drawn by different persons, even during the same eclipse, has so long proved an enigma to astronomers. In spite of the numerous attempts which had previously been made to certain the true character of the corona, this secret of nature had yet to be unravelled, but it was to be fairly expected that the united and systematic endeavours of English, American, and Italian observers of the eclipse of 1870 would do something to settle the question. To describe the various hypotheses concerning the corona which have from time to time been set up by astronomers after viewing one eclipse, generally only to be knocked down by other savants on observing the next eclipse, is here out of the question. Suffice it to say that it has been supposed first, that the corona was altogether a […]

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The eclipse of December, 22nd, 1870.
By Professor Roscoe, F.R.S.

It is satisfactory to know that in spite of the worst Possible weather, as well as of misfortunes and losses of Various kinds which fell to the lot of the English and American savants who went to Africa, Spain, and Sicily to 9bserve the eclipse, the results are of real value and importance, and that the grant of £2000 of public money as, therefore, not failed to purchase substantial benefits to science and the nation.
In the first place, then, this eclipse was only total on coming into the western hemisphere near Cape Farewell, leaving it at Taganrog, covering only a narrow strip of the earth’s surface. The duration of the totality (the only time when the wished for observations could be made) in no place exceeded two minutes, and in many situations, even on the central line, was several seconds less; so that it was before all things necessary to choose a good situation, and for each observer to have a definite and tolerably simple set of instructions to follow. Such instructions were carefully drawn out by Professor Stokes and Mr. Lockyer as Soon as the despatch of the expeditions were settled and placed in the hands of every member of the party. In order to avoid disappointment from bad weather, detachments of observers, complete in every necessary branch, and fitted with instruments for the examination of all the Various phenonema of the eclipse, which the experience and foresight of the leading astronomers and spectroscopists of the country could suggest, were dispatched to three chief stations. The conduct of the Oran division on the coast of Africa was undertaken by Dr. Huggins, facile princeps in spectroscopic astronomy; the Cadiz division under the Rev. S. J. Perry; the Gibraltar party under Captain arsons; and the Sicilian party led by Mr. Lockyer. The American astronomers, under the leadership of Professor Peirce, of Harvard, were likewise divided between Spain and Sicily. Each of these various parties contained men charged with four sets of observations: first, spectroscopic; secondly, Polariscopic; thirdly, photographic; fourthly, sketches with naked eye or with telescope. he main obect of all the observations was concentrated on the examination of the solar corona – that halo of white silver whose light strange and varying forms, as drawn by different persons, even during the same eclipse, has so long proved an enigma to astronomers. In spite of the numerous attempts which had previously been made to certain the true character of the corona, this secret of nature had yet to be unravelled, but it was to be fairly expected that the united and systematic endeavours of English, American, and Italian observers of the eclipse of 1870 would do something to settle the question.
To describe the various hypotheses concerning the corona which have from time to time been set up by astronomers after viewing one eclipse, generally only to be knocked down by other savants on observing the next eclipse, is here out of the question. Suffice it to say that it has been supposed first, that the corona was altogether a solar phenomenon; secondly, that it was none of it solar, but all due to diffraction or irradiation; thirdly, that part of the phenomenon is really caused by outlying zones of incandescent solar atmosphere, whilst a portion is to be ascribed to the action of our air; perhaps another portion to irradiation Produced only in the eye of the observers. To give an idea of the singular differences existing between the drawings of the corona we give the following figures. No. 1, copied from an illustration given in a pamphlet on the eclipse of December last by Professor Angello Agnello; No. 2, from the eclipse of 1868, as seen by Dr. Mayer, at Burlington, U.S.
Let us next see in what way each of the four modes of attack was expected to force the capitulation of this citadel. In the first place, as regards the spectroscope, contradictory results had been obtained in the former eclipses. Colonel Tennant, in India, observed that the corona, in the eclipse of 1868, gave a continuous spectrum ; whilst in 1869 Professors Young, Harkness, and Pickering, in America, saw one or two bright lines in the corona spectrum. If, now, the Indian accounts were correct, the light from the corona is not due to reflected solar light, for then the dark solar lines would have been seen, neither is it caused by incandescent gas, like that of the red prominences, for then bright lines would be seen, but it just be, in all probability, emitted from incandescent solid bodies, such as the clouds of meteors which we know circle in enormous numbers round the sun. If, on the or hand, the American observations are correct, the gaseous and self-luminous nature of the coronal matter is ascertained beyond shadow of doubt.
The object of the spectroscopic observers was, therefore, simply to note the appearances presented by the spectrum of the corona spreading to a distance of at least the sun’s radious from the solar limb. None of the previous observers had determined exactly the position or wave length of the green line with exactitude, although Professor Young believes that it coincides with an iron line marked 1474 on Kirchhoff’s scale. The methods adopted for catching this line and marking it down with accuracy were various. Dr. Huggins arranged a registering scale, which he finds accurate and useful. Mr. Lockyer adopted the plan of directly comparing the corona spectrum with one of incandescent hydrogen; I, myself, did the same with the iron spectrum, and Professor Winlock devised a special plan for mapping the position of the lines. Unfortunately bad weather prevented most of these plans from being tried. D. Huggins saw nothing at Oran; Mr. Lockyer’s station at Catania was overclouded during totality; whilst I was in a snow storm on Etna with all my instruments 5000ft. above the sea. Professors Young and Winlock at Xeres, and Mr. Burton and the Italian astronomer Fr. Denza at Agosta, however,
luckily had a view; they saw and mapped the position of the green line, which really turns out to be 1474 on Kirchhoff’s scale. It extends all round the sun to at least 20 min. from the disc, and therefore plainly points out :-(1) That the corona is a solar phenomenon; (2) that part of the light is given off from a glowing gas. What the nature of the substance may be which emits this singular light it is as yet impossible to say; we may, however, affirm, in the first place, that it is probably not iron, because other equally bright lines of iron are not seen; and, in the second place, we learn from the observations of Angström and Young that a similar green line is visible in the spectra of the aurora and the zodiacal light. Here a new field of interest at once opens out. Is the solar corona in some way connected with these other phenomena about which we know so little? Is the corona simply a gigantic solar aurora? and if so, what can be the nature of this material which either occupies space or exists in the highest regions of the planetary atmospheres; and how is this substance heated so as to become self-luminous?eclisse_roscoe_1
Thanks to the Janssen-Lockyer method, we need not trouble ourselves now with drawing, photographing, or observing the red prominences during a total eclipse. We can map them when we please. May we not with confidence look forwad to a time when the green coronal line may be also seen when the sun shines brightly? Indeed this line has already been seen high up in a prominence by Mr. Seabrooke. It was nevertheless of the greatest importance on the occasion of the last eclipse to map the prominences immediately before or during totality, in order that the relation between the extent and position of these red flames should be compared with the outline of the corona as sketched by trustworthy observers. And here one of the most satisfactory results of the late expedition may be mentioned. Mr. Seabrooke at Catania carefully mapped all the prominences existing on the sun’s disc thirty minutes before totality. Professor Watson, the celebrated astronomer of Ann Arbor University, drew the corona as it appeared to him at Carlentini, observing with a 2½ in. refractor. On comparing the two drawings thus independently made a most interesting series of coincidences presented themselves; wherever on the solar disc a large group of prominences were seen in Mr. Seabrooke’s map there a corresponding bulging out of the corona was chronicled on Professor Watson’s drawing, and at the positions where no prominences presented themselves there the bright portions of the corona extended to the smallest distance from the sun’s limb. Hence the close connection between the great solar cyclones or storms which become visible to us on the edge of the sun as red flames, and the outlying portions of solar atmosphere which we term the corona is no longer a matter of doubt or surmise, but a conclusion founded upon observational proof of the most convincing kind.eclisse_roscoe_2
To sum up the results of the spectroscopic observations as regards the chemical nature of the corona, prominences, and chromosphere, we have the existence of the following bright lines and substances proceeding towards the photosphere: – (1) Corona (possible new element), green line (1474); (2) prominences, highest portions, hydrogen, F, C near G (27 96); (3) prominences, lower portions, h; (4) chromosphere (possibly a new element), near D; magnesium, b and other lines; sodium, D; barium and iron, several lines.
The next set of observations are those made with the polariscope. These have for their object to ascertain how large a portion, if any, of the light from the corona is polarised, and therefore reflected sunlight. Now as no dark lines had been seen in the corona spectrum, we might feel inclined to assume that the coronal rays contained no reflected sunlight, but Mr. Lockyer has pointed out cogent reasons why, as generally observed, the fine dark lines in the sunlight would probably not be seen in the corona spectrum. If, therefore, the polarised condition of the coronal light were ascertained it would go far to show that the faint continuous spectrum of the corona was due to reflected sunlight. Such proved to be the case; for Mr. Raynard at Villasmondo, Mr. Peirce, jun., North of Catania, and Mr. Ladd in Spain all observed strong radical polarisation in the corona.
Next we come to the results of photographic work, perhaps the most interesting chapter of the whole. It is clear that any impression produced upon a photographic plate by such a phenomenon as the coronal light is of the greatest possible value as a true record of its extent and distribution. Only once before has a satisfactory photograph of the corona been obtained, by Mr. Whipple at Shelbyville, Kentucky, in August, 1869. Hence great preparations were made both by American, English, and Italian observers to photograph the phenomenon in December last. The American photographers in Sicily saw nothing, and obtained no picture; the well-known photographer Dr. Vogel, of Berlin, was with me on Etna in a snowstorm; at Oran no photograph was obtained, but at Syracuse, thanks to the energy and skill of Messrs. Brothers and Fryer, at any rate one perfect photograph of the corona was secured, and the results to which this single photograph may lead will in themselves repay for the expense and trouble of the expedition.
The first important fact which this negative reveals is the actual existence of dark, nearly radial bands shooting out from various portions of the sun’s disc through the luminous portions of the corona; the second fact which it records is that a distinct chemical action is observed on the plate, extending in certain directions from the sun’s disc to a distance which we should previously have conceived to be incredible, viz., more than two solar diameters! These two facts are quite new, and as entirely unexpected as they are unexplained.
Lastly come the sketchings and drawings, a class of observations with which it is most difficult to deal, because they are less precise and definite, and, therefore, more liable to error. According to the instructions, the sketchers — situated at different as well as the same station—were to draw the corona in the same way, using similar telescopes. So that if two men—one in Spain and the other in Sicily—were to draw the streamers or dark radial bands in actually the same positions on the sun’s disc, we should be convinced that these appearances were truly solar, and not produced either in our own atmosphere or in the eye of the observer. Whereas, if two sketchers — drawing independently at the same place – drew pictures which were identical, but different from those drawn at a distance, we should infer that the rays, &c., were not solar, but due to our air; and if even the pictures of the neighbouring sketchers differed, we should fairly conclude that the difference in the drawing was due to some effect produced in the eye of each observer. It is difficult, not to say impossible, to estimate truly the differences in the drawings without careful scrutiny. Still, we have good evidence to show that the sketches made in December last, even from the same locality, exhibit differences at least as marked as those drawn on former occasions Dr. Macdonald, on board the Lord Warden, off Catania saw eight rays ranged with perfect symmetry. Captain Brandreth, on the same ship, saw only two elliptical hoops crossing each other at right angles. Captain Cochrane, of the Caledonia, saw, besides the ring, a complicated stellate figure with rays of nearly equal length; whilst Mr. Dexter, at sea, between Catania and Syracuse, saw only one ray of great length. From the differences between these sketches we should therefore conclude that a part of the phenomena of the corona have a subjective origin.
Under these circumstances it would seem as if these sketches of the several appearances of this singular phenomenon were not of much value for recording the physical outlines of the outermost portions of the corona. The permanent impression on sensitive plate can and must always be substituted for the transient one on the retina. Still there are certain parts of the corona exhibiting structure to the eye which probably never . can be reproduced by photography. Thus, a laminated structure similar to that well known to exist in the heads of comets was plainly seen in the bright portions of the corona by Professor Watson, and this may prove to be a most essential feature of the coronal light.
Until all the various observations of the “AngloAmerican Eclipse Expedition of 1870” are collected together, and the numerous drawings compared, it is impossible to form an opinion as to the exact conclusions to which they may lead; enough has, however, been said to show that this expedition, undertaken and carried out under difficulties (not to say dangers) such as few have encountered and surmounted, has succeeded in the great object of its mission, and that man’s knowledge concerning the great luminary which supports our life and being is more complete than it was before the hundred seconds of darkness fell on the face of the earth at 2 p.m. on the 22nd of December, 1870.

The Engineer, 1871

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The Eclipse of the sun. ./1871/01/the-eclipse-of-the-sun-2/ Sat, 14 Jan 1871 22:17:11 +0000 ./?p=2599 The accounts of some of the astronomical observers, on the 22nd ult., at Gibraltar, Cadiz, Seville, and Oran, on the African coast, where the eclipse was total, were briefly noticed in our last. We are indebted to Captain T. R. Lethbridge, commanding H.M.S. Trafalgar, and to Mr. Eaton Wallace Petley, navigating midshipman, for the communication of several diagrams, which we have engraved, and,of a few notes, to record what they witnessed from the stern of that ship, moored alongside the New Mole at Gibraltar. Their notes are as follows :— “At the commencement of the first contact we did not get the exact time, on account of a cloud passing over ; but the time of contact of the first spot on the sun with the moon was 23h. 9m. 56s., Greenwich mean time. The second spot was obscured by cloud. Just before the totality (we may say 3 min.) we observed three bright rays of light shoot out from the S.W. quarter of the sun (as shown in fig. A), which lasted almost 30 sec., and did not appear again until after the totality, when only one ray darted out from the south quarter, as shown in fig. C. During the totality we observed rays of bright light dart from the sun as in fig. 13, but observed no red flame. The totality lasted 1m. 25s., during which time the wind lulled considerably; the barometer at 29-93, falling steadily. and thermometer at 61 ; wind N.W., force 3. We observed three stars, Venus, Mercury, and Saturn. At 21m. 33s. after the totality the first spot on the sun appeared ; at 25m. 30s., the second spot appeared ; and at 1h. 25m. 40s. from the time of totality the eclipse ended. The time between the contact of the first spot with the moon and the totality was 1h. 6m. 30s. ; the time of the totality was lm. 55s. ; the time between the totality and the reappearance of the first spot was 21m. 33s.; the time from the totality to the reappearance of the second spot, was 25m. 308. The rays of light, as shown in fig. A, darted out suddenly, one after the other, for a certain distance; and, after two seconds interval, as suddenly prolonged themselves, until they had the appearance of those shown in the diagram fig. A, but after an interval of thirty seconds they disappeared. Their colour was bright red. With reference to fig. B, it was remarked that, during the totality, a bright ray of light appeared to radiate from the centre around the circumference of the moon, but varying in length. The other, fig. 0, shows how the light shot out suddenly to the extent shown in the Engraving ; this phenomenon lasted about thirty seconds. Some of our readers are aware that the most interesting subject of inquiry to be determined by these observations of the eclipse was the nature of the corona, or “glory,” of white light encircling the globe of the sun, and visible only when that globe itself is hidden. This question is, whether this light comes […]

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eclipse_sunThe accounts of some of the astronomical observers, on the 22nd ult., at Gibraltar, Cadiz, Seville, and Oran, on the African coast, where the eclipse was total, were briefly noticed in our last. We are indebted to Captain T. R. Lethbridge, commanding H.M.S. Trafalgar, and to Mr. Eaton Wallace Petley, navigating midshipman, for the communication of several diagrams, which we
have engraved, and,of a few notes, to record what they witnessed from the stern of that ship, moored alongside the New Mole at Gibraltar. Their notes are as follows :— “At the commencement of the first contact we did not get the exact time, on account of a cloud passing over ; but the time of contact of the first spot on the sun with the moon was 23h. 9m. 56s., Greenwich mean time. The second spot was obscured by cloud. Just before the totality (we may say 3 min.) we observed three bright rays of light shoot out from the S.W. quarter of the sun (as shown in fig. A), which lasted almost 30 sec., and did not appear again until after the totality, when only one ray darted out from the south quarter, as shown in fig. C. During the totality we observed rays of bright light dart from the sun as in fig. 13, but observed no red flame. The totality lasted 1m. 25s., during which time the wind lulled considerably; the barometer at 29-93, falling steadily. and thermometer at 61 ; wind N.W., force 3. We observed three stars, Venus, Mercury, and Saturn. At 21m. 33s. after the totality the first spot on the sun appeared ; at 25m. 30s., the second spot appeared ; and at 1h. 25m. 40s. from the time of totality the eclipse ended. The time between the contact of the first spot with the moon and the totality was 1h. 6m. 30s. ; the time of the totality was lm. 55s. ; the time between the totality and the reappearance of the first spot was 21m. 33s.; the time from the totality to the reappearance of the second spot, was 25m. 308. The rays of light, as shown in fig. A, darted out suddenly, one after the other, for a certain distance; and, after two seconds interval, as suddenly prolonged themselves, until they had the appearance of those shown in the diagram fig. A, but after an interval of thirty seconds they disappeared. Their
colour was bright red. With reference to fig. B, it was remarked that, during the totality, a bright ray of light appeared to radiate from the centre around the circumference of the moon, but varying in length. The other, fig. 0, shows how the light shot out suddenly to the extent shown in the Engraving ; this phenomenon lasted about thirty seconds. Some of our readers are aware that the most interesting subject of inquiry to be determined by these observations of the eclipse was the nature of the corona, or “glory,” of white light encircling the globe of the sun, and visible only when that globe itself is hidden. This question is, whether this light comes from a luminous gas, an atmosphere of the sun, or from solid matter in a state of white heat. The bright red prominences, flame-like or cloud-like, seen around the disc of the sun during an eclipse are known to belong to an envelope of glowing gas which surrounds the solar globe.

The illustrated London news, 1871, vol. 58, n. 1632

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